|
Content Epochs in geology and cultural
history „Little Switzerland“
for geographic areas world-wide UNESCO World Heritage: Switzerland UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in
Switzerland Firsts, Discoveries and Inventions
(without mechanical clocks/ watches) (Culture, science and mathematics,
engineering and devices, first ascents, international organizations, etc.) 7775 BC – 1999 AD separately: Swiss food and luxury food (7th
century – 2000) Swiss medicine and biology
(1500-2000) Swiss medicaments and
pharmaceutical detections (1520-1999) Swiss chemistry and chemicals
(1778-1993) Bibliography Epochs in geology and cultural
history Some epochs in geology and
cultural history got names by researchers relating to Switzerland: Jurassic: geologic period 200-150
Mio. years ago Valais ocean: an ocean between
Europe and Africa 200-65 Mio. years ago Helveticum or Hevetic
zone or Helvetic system: sedimentary rocks originated 160-65 Mio. years ago Cortaillod culture:
4500/4300-3500/3300 BC Egolzwil culture:
4300-4000 BC Pfyn culture:
3900-3500/3400 BC Horgen culture:
3500/3300-2800 BC Auvernier culture:
2700-2400 BC Arbon culture:
1800-1600 BC Rhône culture:
1800-1500 BC and Aare-Rhône-Group La Tène culture:
480/450-40 BC „Little Switzerland“
for geographic areas world-wide The designation „Little Switzerland“ resp. “Schweiz” for geographic areas we find at least 200 times
world-wide, 67 times only in Germany, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Switzerland_%28landscape%29 see also: Philippe Frei: Transferprozesse der Moderne. Die Nachbenennungen «Alpen» und «Schweiz» im 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Bern: Peter Lang 2017 Some examples: Germany Bremen Franconian Holstein Mecklenburg Saxon Latvia Kurzeme (Courland) Czech Republic Bohemian Moravian Mongolia Mongolian Deliberately: Abyssinia, Benin,
Botswana, Burundi, Malawi, Nigeria, Lesotho, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda,
Swaziland Afrikanische Schweiz
UNESCO World Heritage: Switzerland http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ch
Cultural: Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair, Grisons (since 1983) Convent of St Gall (1983) Old City of Berne (1983) Three Castles, Defensive Wall and
Ramparts of the market-Town of Bellinzona, Ticino
(2000) Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces, Vaud (2007) Rhaetian Railway in the
Albula-Bernina Cultural Landscape, Grisons/ Italy (2008) La Chaux-de-Fonds/
Le Locle, watchmaking town planning (2009) 56 Pile Dwellings around the Alps
(2011), e. g. Village Lacustre in Gletterens Two buildings of Le Corbusier:
Villa le Lac in Corseaux and Immeuble
Clarté in Geneva (2016) Basel’s Fasnacht carnival (2017) Natural: Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch,
Berne/ Valais (2001) Monte San Giorgio, Ticino (2003) Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona, St Gall/ Glarus/ Grisons (2008)
Beech Forests of Bettlachstock (Solothurn) and Valle di Lodano (Ticino) (2021) UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in
Switzerland http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=SWI+02&mode=all Parc Suisse (1979) Entlebuch (2001) UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/switzerland-CH
Winegrowers’ festival in Vevey (2016) Basel Carnival (2017) Art of stone walling, knowledge and techniques (2018) Avalanche risk management (2018) Alpinism (2019) Holy Week processions in Mendrisio (2019) Craftsmanship of mechanical watchmaking and art mechanics (2020) Craft techniques and customary practices of cathedral workshops, or Bauhütten (2020) Traditional irrigation: knowledge, technique, and organization (2023)
Alpine pasture season (2023) Firsts, Discoveries and Inventions
(without mechanical clocks/ watches) (Culture, science, engineering,
first ascents, etc.) Prehistoric times earliest evidence for breeding
plants in Europe: Cerealia t. pollen/ Triticum t. (Soppensee,
7775 BC) oldest prehistoric ice finds in
the Alps: leather remnants of shoes and leggings, bow, arrow shafts and
arrowheads (Schnidejoch pass in Bernese Oberland,
4500 BC; Schnidejoch und Eisarchäologie http://www.landschaftsmuseum.de/Seiten/Lexikon/Schnidejoch_CH.htm oldest stake building settlements
(Kleiner Hafner, 4400 BC; Egolzwil, 4300 BC; Bielersee, 4000 BC) oldest bread of the world (Max Waehren; Montmirail at the Zihl, 3700 BC; approximately 200 years older than that of
Twann) oldest full disc wheel of Europe
(Zurich, 3400 BC) animal bone ice skates (Berner Stadtmuseum, 2000 BC – according to Rudolf Kutzer, 1955) 400-999 first monastery north of the Alps:
Romainmôtier (Roman and Lupicin,
around 450) oldest permanent dynasty: Guelfs
(Count Ruthard, in the Thurgau 751) first Gregorian chorale (Monastery
St. Gall, 778) Latin-(Old High-)German
glossary: „Abrogans“ (cloister St. Gallen, 790) Monastery plan (St. Gall: Gozbert, 820) Notation for music: "Neumen" (Notker Balbulus, 884; Hartker, around
1000) Religious play: "Easter
play" (Tuotilo, around 900) First ancestor of the House of
Habsburg (Guntram the Rich, in Brugg/
Altenburg after 950) 1000-1099 First hotel of Europe ("Les
Trois Rois", Basel 1026; probably a legend;
first official record 1681) http://www.altbasel.ch/haushof/les_trois_rois.html First instruction in governing (Wipo, after 1020) As first woman canonized: Wiborada (recluse, died 926; 1047) 1100-1199 Arm: Morning star (12th Century) First description of the economy
of the Alps: "Acta Murensia" (monastery
Muri, 1160) Oldest wooden residential building
of Europe: Niederöst-Haus (in Schwyz, 1160 or 1176) 1200-1299 Founding of the dynasty of the
Hapsburgs (Rudolf I, born on the Kyburg or in Brugg, 1218) Term "Guild" (Basel,
furriers, 1226) First guild of the building people
(Basel, 1248) First German-speaking Medieval
drama: Osterspiel (Monastery Muri, 1250) Oldest democracy of the world:
oath on the "Ruetli" (Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, 1291) Halberds (Konrad of Wuerzburg,
around 1260; Battle at Morgarten, 1315) 1300-1399 First complete translation of the
Bible in German Language (around 1300-1320 by the Zurich Dominican Marchwart Biberli) alpenhorn: Alphorn (after 1300;
first written document 1527) Oldest permanent Swiss firms (Inselspital Bern, 1354; St. Niklausen Schiffgesellschaft Luzern, 1357; Bell faundry Rüetschi, Aarau, 1367) First description of the card game
and playing cards (Johannes of Rheinfelden, from
Freiburg i. Br., 1377) First climbing of a high Alp peak:
Pilatus (Niklaus Bruder, 1387) 1400-1499 oldest playable organ of the world
(church of Valère near Sion, 1440) dulcimer (1447) Oldest permanent Swiss publisher
(Johann Petri, today publisher "Schwabe", Basel 1488) 1500-1549 Anabaptists (Zurich, 1523/25) Iconoclastic movement of the
Reformation (Huldrych Zwingli, 1524) Protestant ethic, Puritanism (the
French Jean Calvin in Basel and Geneva, 1536) Bibliography: “Bibliotheca
universalis seu Catalogus“ (Conrad Gessner, 1545-55; „Pandekten“
1548) First map of the Alps (the German
Johannes Stumpf in Zurich, 1548) 1550-1599 comparative linguistics (Conrad
Gessner, 1555) Drawing of fossiles
(Conrad Gessner, 1565) Pencil (Drawing by Conrad Gessner, 1565)
Clock with three hands (Jost Bürgi, 1585) Tables of logarithms (Jost Bürgi, 1588-1610, but only published 1620) Rangefinder (Jost Bürgi, 1592) first newspaper of the world:
„Annus Christi“ Rorschach (Leonhard Straub, Samuel Dilbaum, 1597) 1600-1649 Proportional dividers (Jost Bürgi, 1604) Orion nebula, M31 (Johann Cysat, 1619) Geometry: Guldin’s
rule (Paul Guldin, 1635-41) Illustrated journal (Matthäus Merian d. Ä., 1635) 1650-1699
Division symbol ÷ (Johann Heinrich Rahn, 1659) Amish People (Jakob Ammann, 1693) First monthly journal: „Historischer und Politischer Mercurius“ (in Rorschach, 1694) Saint Bernard dog (1696)
1700-1739
First technical journal (Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, 1705) Pietists in Philadelphia (Samuel
K. Guldin, 1710) Vertical drilling machine for
cannons (Johann Maritz, 1713) Bernoulli numbers, variation
calculus, probability theory (Jakob Bernoulli, 1713) theoretical mechanics: „Phoronomia“ (Jacob
Hermann, 1716) cristallography (Moritz Anton Kappeler,
1723) Fossil theory (Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, 1725) Symbol "e„ (Leonhard Euler,
1727/36) See: http://www.veling.nl/anne/templars/constants.html http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Euler/RouseBall/RB_Euler.html Coulomb's law (Abel Socin, 1729) Horizontal drilling machine for
cannons (Johann Maritz, 1734) Oldest watch factories (Blancpain, 1735; Favre Leuba,
1737) Bernoulli's law; Kinetic gas
theory (Daniel Bernoulli, 1738) 1740-1749 Geometry: Euler’s spiral (Leonhard
Euler, 1744) Leyden jar (Pieter van Musschenbroek and the Swiss Jean-Nicolas-Sébastien Allamand, 1746) German Reformed Church in
Philadelphia (Michael Schlatter, 1746) Right to the "pursuit of
happiness" (Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, 1747) Infinitesimal analysis (Leonhard
Euler, 1748) corpuscular theory of gravitation
(Georges-Louis Le Sage, 1748) 1750-1759 Swiss Chalet (18th
century) Cramer’s rule and Cramer’s paradox
(Gabriel Cramer, 1750) Relief of a massif: Pilatus (Franz
Ludwig Pfyffer of Wyher,
1750) Central and parallel projection
(Johann Heinrich Lambert, 1752) Panorama of the Alps (Jacques-Barthélemy Micheli du Crest,
1754) electrical insulation (Wendelin Amersin, 1754) Summation symbol: “sigma”
(Leonhard Euler, 1755) 1760-1769 First Dutch Reformed Church in
America (Johannes Henricus Goetchins,
ca. 1760) Photometry (Johann Heinrich
Lambert, from Mulhouse, 1760) Solar thermal collector:
„Hot box“ (Horace Bénédict de Saussure 1762-67) Educational ideal: "Emile"
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1762) Basis of social organization:
"Contrat social" (Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
1762) Term "Phaenomenology"
(Johann Heinrich Lambert, 1764) Systematologie (Johann Heinrich Lambert,
1764/71) Electrometer (Horace Bénédict de Saussure,
1767) 1770-1779 Androids (Pierre Jaquet-Droz and his son Henri-Louis, 1772-75) Tarot rediscovered (the Frenchman
Antoine Court de Gébelin from Geneva, 1773) electrostatic telegraph (Georges-Louis Le Sage, 1774) Physiognomics (Johann Caspar Lavater, 1775) Cylindrical panorama (Horace Bénédict de
Saussure, 1776) Glaciology (Jakob Samuel Wyttenbach,
1777) Symbol "i" (Leonhard Euler,
1777) 1780-1789 Hygrometer (Horace Bénédict de Saussure,
1783) Central draft burner: Quinquet (Ami
Argand, 1784) Gravity is
a push (Georges-Louis Le Sage, 1784) First ascent
of Montblanc (Horace Bénédict de Saussure, 1787;
Michel-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat 1786) mechanical explanation of magnetism
(Pierre Prévost, 1788) 1790-1799 first 360°-Panorama of the Alps
(Hans Conrad Escher von der Linth, 1792) viniculture in USA (Jean-Jacques Dufour,
1796) 1800-1809 Banque de France (Jean-François Perregaux et al., 1800) Waxworks (Marie Grossholz, "Madame Tussaud" 1802) Internal combustion engine (François Isaac
de Rivaz, 1802-07) Breech-loader (Johann Georg Bodmer, 1803) Educational reform (Johann
Heinrich Pestalozzi into Yverdon, 1804-25) First horological school in Paris
(Louis Berthoud, 1804) Pure flint glass (Pierre Louis Guinand, 1805) First beat wing apparatus (Jakob
Degen in Wien, 1808) First geological map of Scotland
(Louis Albert Necker, 1808) Thermodynamics: law of Prévost (Pierre Prévost, 1809) 1810-1819 Wristwatch (Abraham-Louis Breguet
in Paris, 1810) City Petra (Johann-Ludwig
Burckhardt, 1812) Abu Simbel (Johann-Ludwig
Burckhardt, 1813) ‘log-log’
slide rule (Peter Mark Roget in London, 1814) First inn on a summit: Rigi (1816) First helicopter model (Jakob
Degen in Wien 1816) 1820-1829 Incandescent lamp (Auguste De la
Rive, 1820) Guilloche engraving apparatus to
print forgery-proof bank notes (Jakob Degen in Wien, 1920) First permanent wire cable suspension bridge: Pont Saint-Antoine (Guillaume-Henri Dufour in
Genf, 1823) Comparative history of religions
(Benjamin Constant de Rebecque, 1824) Sapphire cutter: „Ingold cutter“ (Pierre-Frédéric Ingold, 1825 – or around 1860) chemical theory of electricity
(Auguste de la Rive, 1825-36) Underwater stethoscope
(Jean-Daniel Colladon, 1826) Geometry: Steiner point (Jakob Steiner, 1826) Cartoons (Rodolphe Toepffer, 1827)
1830-1839
First European Peace Society on the continent (Jean-Jacques de Sellon, 1830) Geometry: Necker Cube illusion (Louis Albert Necker, 1832) First multinational enterprise
(Georg Fischer, 1833) Roll chair for mills (Sulzberger,
1834) Contracting helix: “Roget’s
spiral” ((Peter Mark Roget in London, 1835) Concertina: “Langnauerli”
(Johann Samuel Herrmann, 1836) Theory of the Ice Age (Jean Louis
Rodolphe Agassiz, 1837) Term „facies“ of
geology (Amanz Gressly,
1838) Idea and term
"Logistics" (Antoine-Henri Jomini, 1838) Roundabout lathe (Johann Georg Bodmer, 1839) Gold rush in California (Johann
August Sutter, 1839; James Wilson Marshall 1848) 1840-1849 Photometer, dynamometer
(Jean-Daniel Colladon, around 1840) Law of the unchangeable heat sums
(Germain Henri Hess, 1840) Improvement of the sticking
machine (Franz Elysäus Rittmeyer,
Franz Anton Vogler, 1840) Loom with Honegger stroke (Caspar
Honegger, 1842) First stamp on the European
continent (Orell Fuessli,
Zurich, 1843) Light from northwest on maps
(Guillaume-Henri Dufour, 1844) First pattern for clothing
(Zurich, 1844) first multicolored stamp printed
and set up in the relief printing: „Basler Dybli"
(Melchior Berri, 1845) foundation of modern science in
USA (Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, 1846) Scientific evaluation of the
sunspots (Rudolf Wolf, 1848) 1850-1859
Multi-dimensional geometry (Ludwig Schläfli, um 1850) Chilled casting for railroad
wheels (Abraham Ganz, around 1850) Polar planimeter (Jakob Amsler, 1854) Theory of stilt houses, lake
dwellings (Ferdinand Keller, 1854) First iron arch bridge (Karl von Etzel, Nikolaus Riggenbach bei Olten, 1854-56) Linguistic palaeontology
(Adolphe Pictet, 1859) 1860-1869 First chair of ethnic/ folk
psychology (University of Berne, 1860, for Moritz Lazarus) "Matriarchy" (Johann
Jakob Bachofen, 1861) Cog wheel septim
(Niklaus Riggenbach, 1863) Spiral drill (Giovanni Martignoni in Düsseldorf, 1863) Special lathe: Taps machine
(Johann Georg Bodmer, Jakob Friedrich Reishauer, 1863) Shuttle stick automat (Isaak Groebli, 1863) First “Guided tour” to Switzerland
(the Englishman Thomas Cook, 1863) Winter tourism (Johannes Badrutt in St. Moritz, 1864) Red Cross (Jean Henri Dunant,
1864) First general factory and work law
on the continent (Fridolin Schuler, 1864) Graphic statics (Carl Culmann in Zürich, 1864-66) Term „entropy“ (the
German Rudolf Clausius in Zürich, 1865) first Kindergarten in USA (William Nicholas Hailmann, 1865) first sowing machine (Johann
Ulrich Aebi, 1865) Steam engine with valves (the Englishman
Charles Brown with Sulzer, 1865) „Davoser
sledge“ (Emanuel Heinz-Friberg, 1865) First ascent of Matterhorn (Peter Taugwalder and son with Michel Croz
of Chamonix escort the Englishmen Edward Whymper
and Lord Francis Douglas, 1865) Flat knitting machine (Eduard Dubied, 1867) First seat of an international
organization: International Telecommunications Union ITU (Berne, 1868-1948) Martini-Henry rifle (Friedrich von Martini, 1869; Alexander Henry, 1871)
1870-1879 Bionics (Simon Schwendener,
1870) first mountain railway of Europe (Vitznau-Rigi-railroad, 1871) Philosophy of Life (the German
Friedrich Nietzsche in Basel, 1872) Idea of an International Court of
Justice (Gustave Moynier, 1872) Compressed air drill (Jean-Daniel Colladon for the drive of the Gotthard tunnel, 1872) Roll chair with porcelain rolls
(Friedrich Wegmann, 1873/76) First ascent of Elbrus (Peter Knubel and 3 englishmen, 1874) Gramophone (John Heinrich Kruesi, according to instructions of Thomas Alva Edison,
1877) Liquid oxygene
(Raul-Pierre Pictet, concurrently with the
Frenchman Louis-Paul Caillet, 1877) Temperance movement: Blue cross
(Louis-Lucien Rochat, 1877) Displaceable caisson (Conradin Zschokke, 1878) Lead coating for electrical cords
(François Borel, 1879) Discovery of source of Niger River
(Josua Zweifel with
Frenchman Marius Moustier, 1879) 1880-1889 Psychotherapy: Persuasion method
(Paul Dubois, ca. 1880) Dialect research (Jules Gilliéron, 1880) Ten-color photochromic printing (Orell Fuessli, 1880) Development of the Braille types
(François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke, approx. 1880) Eiffel Tower (Maurice Koechlin
from Alsace, 1880) Car with two-stroke engine
(Pierre-Joseph Ravel, 1880) Bush roller chain (Hans Renold in Lancashire, 1880) Lamella tooth rack for mountain
railways (Carl Roman Abt, 1882) first Marxist group (Georgij Walentinowitsch Plechanow in Genf, 1883) First air conditioning system: „Ozonator“ (Hôtel-Kursaal de la Maloja, 1884) Four-cylinder-compound double
engine (Anatole Mallet, 1884) Dredge (Conradin
Zschokke in Rome, 1885) Spectral series (Johann Jakob
Balmer, 1885) Concertina: „Schwyzerörgeli“ (Robert Iten, 1885) Circuit line Kriegstetten-Solothurn
(the Englishman Charles Brown and Josef Meyer, 1886) Theroelectric damper regulator and alarme (Albert M. Butz in
Minnesota, 1886) first graduated woman lawyer of
Europe (Emily Kempin-Spyri, 1887) Telephoto lens: "Telephot" (Frédéric Boissonnas,
before 1890 ?) Three-phase current (the German
Michael von Dolivo-Dobrowlowsky and the Englishman
Charles Brown of the Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik
Oerlikon, 1888) first aluminium
plant of Europe (Gustave Naville, Peter Emil Huber
et al. with Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroultin Neuhausen, 1888) „Photochrom“
process for printing coloured postcards
(Hans Jakob Schmid for Orell Füssli,
1888) Steepest cog railway in the World:
Pilatusbahn (Eduard Locher,
1889) First bobsled built (Christian
Mathis, 1889; first bobsled race: St. Moritz, 1892) First golf championship in the
Alps (St. Moritz, 1889) 1890-1899 Propagation of electromagnetic
waves (Lucien de la Rive and Eduard Sarasin, 1890) Permanent International Peace
Bureau (Elie Ducommun and the Danish Fredrik Bajer in Berne, 1891) Swiss Army Knife; later
"Victorinox" (Karl Elsener, 1891; Patent
1897) Hemstitch sewing machine (Karl Friedrich Gegauf, 1893) First ski club (Christof Iselin, Glarus, 1893)
Direct Multiplier (Otto Steiger, 1892), under the label “Millionaire” produced 1893-1935 Foundation of psychology of
religion (James Henry Leuba at Clark University,
1895) Rolled flat bottom rail: „ Strub rack system“ (Emil Strub, 1896) Nickel-steel alloy: Invar (Charles
Edouard Guillaume in Sèvres near Paris, 1896) First man on top of Aconcagua
(Matthias Zurbriggen, 1897) First Alp crossing in the balloon
(Eduard Spelterini, 1898) Sulzer Diesel (the German Rudolf Diesel, 1898)
1900-1909 motor for cycles: „Motosacoche“ (Henri
und Armand Dufaux, 1901) Bitumen coating for streets: Goudronnage (Ernest Guglielminetti
in Monaco, 1902) Language geography (Jules Gilliéron, 1902) Copying machine: Schapirograph (Rudolf Fuerrer,
1902) Standardized dust bin (Jakob Ochsner, 1902) rhythmic gymnastics: Eurhythmics
(Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, 1903) two-shell steam turbine "Zoelly" (Heinrich Zoelly,
1903) High performance condensers (the
Polish Ignacy Moscicki,
1903) Improved electric flatiron (Samuel
Blumer, 1903) Electric heating pad (Samuel
Blumer, 1903; W. Schaufelberger, before 1908) General Theory of Relativity
(Albert Einstein, of Ulm and Zurich, 1905) Aluminium foil (Heinrich Alfred Gautschi, 1905; Robert Victor Neher, Erwin Lauber, Albert Gmür, 1910) Helicopter (Armand and Henri Dufaux, 1905) Turbocharger (Alfred J. Buechi with Sulzer, 1905) Thermal spray process (Max Ulrich Schoop, 1906/11) E=mc2 (Albert Einstein, 1907) improved theodolite (Heinrich Wild, 1907) Diesel engine for trucks (Hippolyt Saurer, 1908) flat slabs: “mushroom floor”
(Robert Maillart, 1908) World Esperanto Alliance (Hector Hodler, 1908) precision level (Heinrich Wild,
after 1908) 1910-1919 first crossing of Léman lengthwise (Armand Dufaux,
1910) cosmic radiation (the German Albert
Gockel at University of Fribourg, 1910) „Roberts of Kandahar Challenge Cup“: first real alpine ski competition (in Crans-Montana, 1911) general business administration
(Johann Friedrich Schaer, 1911) highest railway station of Europe:
Jungfraubahn (1912) First diesel locomotive (the
German Rudolf at Sulzer, 1912; Borsig in Germany
1912) First traverse of middle Greenland
(the two Swiss Alfred de Quervain and Hans Hössli with the two German Roderich
Fick and Karl Gaule, 1912) First crossing of Pyrenees and the
Alps in airplane (Oskar Bider, 1913) Gun synchronizer for fighter
aircraft with tractor propeller (Franz Schneider, 1913) Bend arm sun blind (Emil Schenker,
1913)
First ascent of Olymp mountain (Daniel Baud-Bovy
and Fred Boissonnas, with Greek Christos Kakalos, 1913) Swung concrete bridge: Langwies-Viadukt in Grisons (Eduard Zueblin,
1914) V-8 aircraft engine (Marc Birkigt in Barcelona for Hispano-Suiza,
1914) G IV: firstr
strategic bomber (Hans Burkhard for Waggon-/Flugzeugfabrik Gotha, 1916) Structuralism in linguistics
(Ferdinand de Saussure, 1916) X-ray-diffraction-analysis (Paul
Scherrer and the Dutch Peter Debye, 1916) Dada movement (Hans Arp from
Alsace, the Germans Hugo Ball, Hans Richter and Richard Huelsenbeck,
the Romanians Marcel Janco and Tristan Tzara, in
Zurich, 1916) „moteur-canon“: V8 38 und 44 – firing through the propeller boss
(Marc Birkigt for Hispano-Suiza,
1917) 1920-1929 Service Civil International
(Pierre Cérésole, 1920) First arch dam in Europe: Monsalvens (Heinrich Eduard Gruner, 1920) Cutting machine "Rapid"
(Jacob Fahrni, 1920) Ink blot test (Hermann Rorschach,
1921) Seat of the League of Nations
(Geneva, 1921) First slalom race (the Englishman
Arnold Lunn into Muerren, 1922) ready-made Zip-fastener:
"Riri" (Martin Othmar Winterhalter,
1923) improved theodolite: T2 “Universaltheodolit Wild” (Heinrich Wild, 1923) Geochemistry (Victor Moritz
Goldschmidt, 1923-38) Biodynamic agriculture (the
Austrian Rudolf Steiner in Silesia and in the Goetheanum
Dornach, 1924) Peaceful arrangement of all
European disputes: Treaty of Locarno (1925) International Bureau of Education
(Edouard Claparède, Pierre Bovet, Adolphe Ferrière, 1925) “The Child’s Conception of the
World” (Jean Piaget, 1926) Levelfree cloverleaf interchange (Willy Sarbach, 1927) First transcontinental flight with
seaplane: Zurich-Egypt-South Africa (Walter Mittelholzer,
1926/27) Term “Mach number” (Jakob Ackeret, 1927) Atmospheric able clock: „Atmos“ (Jean-Léon Reutter, 1928) Spring clutch mechanical pencil: “Fixpencil” (Carl Schmid for “Caran
d’Ache”) 1930-1939 International Federation of
Business and Professional Women (the American Lena Madesin
Phillips in Geneva, 1930) First flight over Kilimanjaro
(Walter Mittelholzer, 1930) First Alpine World Ski
Championship (in Mürren, 19.-23. February 1931) „Prismalo“: first
water-soluble crayons for painting watercolors (Caran
d’Ache, 1931) Crimp yarn "Helanca" (Rudolf H. Kaegi,
1931) First stratosphere flight with
balloon (Auguste Piccard, 1931) Commercially manufactured electric
guitar: „Frying Pan Hawaiian Guitar“ (Adolph Rickenbacher in Los Angeles with Georges D. Beauchamp and
Paul Barth, 1932) “dark
matter” (Fritz Zwicky at Caltech, 1933) Theory of Supernovae (Fritz Zwicky
and the German Walter Baade at Caltech, 1933) Variable screw propeller for motor
vessels (Jakob Ackeret, 1934) Security cylinder for locks (Fritz
Schori for Kaba, 1934) Supersonic wind tunnel (ETH
Zürich, 1935) T-bar Ski-lift (Davos-Bolgen, Ernst Constam 1934; Jack Ettinger 1936) First flight attendant in Europe
(Nelly Diener with Swissair, 1934) Travel typewriter "Hermes
Baby" (Company Paillard, 1935) Phone answering machine: Ipsophon (the German Willy Mueller at Buehrle,
1936; tested 1942 in Berne) "The Origins of Intelligence
in Children" (Jean Piaget, 1936) clusters of galaxies as basic
structure of the Universe (Fritz Zwicky at Caltech, 1938) HS 404: autocannon for aircraft
(Marc Birkigt for Hispano-Suiza,
1938) waterproof tarp: Stamoid (Company Stamm, 1939) Tractor with direct injection
diesel engine (Hans Hürlimann, 1939) 1940-1949 first portable electric sewing
machine with free arm: "Elna" (Dr. Ramon
Casas Robert; Company Tavaro, 1940) Lead sharpener: "Gedess" (Georges Dessonnaz,
1940) Odors in a movie theater: „My Dream“ (Odorated Talking
Pictures) (Hans E. Laube, 1940) Liquid filled matchbox:
"Model DP" or "Swiss Army Compass" (RECTA, 1941) Existential analysis (Ludwig
Binswanger, 1942) Measure "Modulor"
(Le Corbusier 1942-48) "Eidophor"
(Fritz Fischer, 1943/ Edgar Gretener, 1953) Pre-stressed concrete (Antonio Brandestini, Max Birkenmaier,
Mirko Robin Ros, 1944) Swiss Railway Clock (Hans Hilfiker,
1944); red second hand added in 1953 Automatically detachable
chairlift: VR101 (Paul Zuberbühler, Emil Riesen and Willy Zbinden for
firm von Roll in Flims, 1945) Smell-O-Vision (Hans E. Laube,
1945; in the movie “Scent of Mystery”, 1960) Single pan substitution balance
(Erhard Mettler, 1946) Spring valve for pressure cooker
(Max Keller, 1946) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Felix
Bloch, with the americans W. W. Hansen and M. E.
Packard in Stanford, 1946) First rescue in alpine terrain by
two Fieseler Storch (of passengers of a crashed
US-military C-53 on Gauli Glacier in the Bernese
Alps 24. November 1946) First one-piece fiberglass shell
chair of Europe (Willy Guhl, 1946/47; since 1951 produed by Scott-Bader & Co. AG, Zurich) "Turmix"
mixer (Traugott Oertli, 1947) "Rex“
economic peeler (Alfred Neweczerzal, 1947) Sinar camera (Carl Hans Koch, 1947) electric compass saw (Albert
Kaufmann, 1946; company Scintilla, 1947) Compactus for archives (Hans
Ingold 1947) Bathyscaph (Auguste Piccard, 1947) Tail less delta airplane: N-20
(Swiss Federal Aviation Factory F+W Emmen, 1947) Rotary clothesline: Stewi (Walter Steiner, 1947) First operative turbofan: Swiss
Mamba SM-01 (F+W Emmen, 1948) aerosol spray valve (Robert H. Abplanalp in New York, 1948) "Zulliger“ test (Hans Zulliger, 1948) pressure cooker: Duromatic (Jacques Kuhn, 1948) automatic screw clamp for für
ropeways: „Müller-Klemme“ (Gerhard Müller, 1949) Communauté de Taizé (Roger-Louis Schutz-Marsauche, 1949) 1950-1959
Wand mixer: Bamix (Germany: ESGE Zauberstab) (Roger Perrinjaquet, 1950) Garlic press: "Zyliss" (Karl Zysset,
after 1950) first landing on glacier in the
alps with airplane (Fredy Wyssel, 1950; Hermann
Geiger, 1952) first portable tape recorder
„Nagra (Stefan Kudelski,
1951) "Velcro" fastening
(George de Mestral, 1951) Car-Freshener: „Little Trees“ (Julius Sämann, in
Watertown, N. Y., 1952) Bathyscaphe: „Trieste“
(Auguste Piccard, 1953) first passenger hydrofoil service
on Lake Maggiore (Supramar, 1953) standardized Miniature Golf: “Minigolf“ (Paul Bongni, 1953) First TV broadcasting „Eurovision“ (Montreux, 1954) Fonts "Méridien" (Adrian
Frutiger, 1955) Electronic calculating machine
(Eduard Stiefel, Heinz Rutishauser
and Ambros Speiser at the
Zurich ETH, 1955) Conveyor system for newspapers
without lubricant (Walter Reist, 1955) First ascent of the Lhotse (Fritz Luchsinger, Ernst Reiss, 1956) First shot into the space:
“Artificial Planet No. Zero” (Fritz Zwicky, 16.10.1957) Closomat: WC with integrated douche (Hans
Maurer, 1957) Fonts "universe" (Adrian Frutiger, 1957) Fonts "helvetica" (Max Miedinger, 1957) Card game “Concentration” (In German: “Memory”) (William Hurter, 1958) planar semiconductors (Jean Hoerni at Fairchild, 1958) Electronic wristwatch: "Accutron" (Max Hetzel, William Bennett, Egbert Van
Haaften, William Mutter, 1959) Decompression during the deep sea diving (Hannes Keller and Albert Buehlmann, 1959-62) 1960-1969 First ascent of the Dhaulagiri
(Albin Schelbert, Ernst Forrer,
1960) Electrical toothbrush "Broxodent" (Company Tavaro,
1960) Instant mashed potatoes: Stocki (Knorr, Thayingen, 1960) Drier: Stewi „Libelle“ (Walter Steiner, 1961) Pneumatic cork screw
"Corky" (Franz Tschappu, 1963) Passenger-submarine "Mesoscaph" (Jacques Piccard, 1964) Fourier transform (FT) NMR
(Richard Robert Ernst, 1964) First couple therapy in Europe (Juerg Willi, 1965) „Divine Light Zentrum“ (Swami Omkarananda in Winterthur, 1966) First downhill for the Alpine Ski
World Cup (Lauberhorn, won by Frenchman Jean-Claude
Killy, 14.1.1967) Hydroculture "Luwasa" (Gerhard Baumann, 1967) "Cymatics" (Hans Jenni,
1967) first analogous
quartz-wristwatches: "Beta 1" and “Beta 2” (Centre Electronique Horologer, Armin Frei et al. 1967) Programming language
"Pascal" (Niklaus Wirth, 1968) Swiss avalanche beacon: Barryvox transceiver (Company Autophon,
1968) LCD-display (German physicist
Wolfgang Helfrich and Swiss physicist Martin Schadt
at Roche in Basel, 1968/70) Solar wind sail on the moon (the
German Johannes Geiss in Berne with Peter Eberhardt and Peter Signer, 1969) 1970-1979 Can opener and cork extractor:
„Party-Jack“ (Walter Steiner 1971) Role-playing game „Dungeons & Dragons“ (Ernest Gary Gygax with
Dave Arneson and Don Kaye, 1974) Portable Computer System (PCS): „Smaky“ (Jean-Daniel Nicoud an der EPFL, 1975) „module“ in
role-playing games on computer (Ernest Gary Gygax,
1979) 1980-1989 Workstation: "Lilith"
(Nikaus Wirth, 1980) Foundation of the "Word
Wildlife Fund" (Zurich, 1981) Computer mouse
"Logitech" (Jean Daniel Nicoud/ Daniel Borel 1981) Scanning tunnelling microscope
(Heinrich Rohrer and the German Gerd Karl Binning, IBM research institute
1981) simple wristwatch: „Swatch“ (Elmar Mock and Jacques Müller of ASUAG, 1981) first span-wire lighting system in
the world: METRO (Hannes Wettstein, company Belux,
1982) For Tête de moine:
Girolle (Nicolas Crevoisier, 1982) First diving computer: Decobrain (Juergen Hermann, 1983) dog dirt collecting system: „Robidog“ (Josef
Rosenast, 1983) High temperature superconduction (Karl Alexander Müller and the German
Johann Georg Bednorz, IBM research institute 1986) Steamiron system: "LauraStar"
(Jean Monney, 1986) Car sharing: „Mobility“
(1987/ 1997) Flight simulator: „Elite“ (Rudolf Marty, Initiative Computing, 1988) 1990-2000 Solar-Mobile: "Spirit of
Biel" (Technical school Biel, 1990) WWW (the English Tim Berners-Lee
and the Belgian Robert Cailliau, at CERN in Geneva,
1991) Supercomputer: "GigaBooster" (Anton Gunzinger,
1992-95) First planet detected outside of
the solar system: System of 51 Pegasi (Michel G. E. Mayor, Didier Queloz,
1995) Pastoral Care on the internet
(Jakob Vetsch, 1995) MicroScooter (Wim J. Ouboter,
Zurich, 1996) Prepaid value card: Natel easy (Telecom PTT, 1996) Maxon motors for the Mars-Rover
"Sojourner" (1997) piezoelectric miniatur
friction motor: „Miniswys“ (Bontko Witteveen,
Harry Seiffert and Matthias Hell of the Company Creaholic, 1998) Dow Jones Sustainability Group
Index: DJSGI (the Germans Alfred Ritter and Bernd Grohe of Sustainabilty Asset Management, Zurich, in common with
Dow Jones, 1999) First circumnavigation of the
earth in balloon (Bertrand Piccard, 1999) Pastoral Care on the SMS (Jakob
Vetsch, 1999) Swiss Food and Luxury Food see u. a.: http://www.patrimoineculinaire.ch/ https://www.myswitzerland.com/en-ch/typical-food.html 7th century - 1799 oldest brand of cheese in Europe:
Sbrinz (7th century; brand “Brientzer käss” only 1530) white Schabziger
(Glarus Alps, 8th century) Cheese sorts: Gruyère (1115), Emmentaler (12th century), Tête de Moine (1192), Raclette („Bratchäs“; um 1200), Appenzeller (1282), Vacherin (1380), Bloderkose and Sauerkos (14th century)
St. Galler Sausage (14th century)
Honey biscuits: “Tirggel” (Zurich, 1561) first brand: Glarner
Schabziger (with mark of origin, 1463) hard cheese (1530, adopted from
Italy) Meringues (Gasparini in Meiringen, 1600 or 1720) Fondue (1699) Cervelat, receipe
for Swiss boiled sausage (Servella) as produced
today, in Bernese Cookery Booklet, 1749 (similar sausage in Germany:
Bockwurst, Schübling, but not Zervelat) Soda water (the German Jacob
Schweppe in Geneva, 1783) Absinthe (Daniel-Henri Dubied, 1797) 1800-1899 first "cheese factory"
(down in the midlands, Hofwil, 1802) First chocolate factory (Philippe Suchard, 1826) Hazelnut chocolate
(Charles-Amédée Kohler, 1828) Cube sugar (Jakob Christoph Rad in Datschitz, 1843) Sausage: Kalberwurst
(Glarus, 1846) Chocolate-bar (François-Louis Cailler,
1849) Powdered milk (Henri Nestlé from
Frankfurt, 1867) Milk chocolate (Daniel Peter from
Alsace, 1875) Rusk (Joseph Hug-Meyer, after
1877) Fondant chocolate (Johann Rudolf
Lindt, 1879) Bag-soups and soup-spice (Julius
Maggi, 1886) Grape variety Riesling x Sylvaner
(Hermann Mueller-Thurgau, 1892) Waldorf salad (Oscar Tschirky (Oscar of Waldorf), 1896) 1900-2000
"Birchermuesli" (Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner, 1900) Chocolate “Milka”
(Suchard, 1901) "Ovaltine" (Albert
Wander, 1904) "Toblerone" (Theodor
Tobler, 1908) alcohol-free beer: “Perplex”
(Brewery Haldengut, 1908) powder milk (Maurice Guigoz, 1908) meat consommé cube (company Maggi,
1908) cheese spread (Walter Gerber and Fritz Stettler, 1911) cherry torte from Zug (Heinrich Höhn, 1915) mustard in tubes (Hans Thomi, 1930) Café de Paris butter (Boubier/ Dumont in Geneva, 1930) chew bonbon: "Sugus" (Suchard, Hans
Conrad Lichti, 1931) Canned ravioli: „Super Raviolini alla Milanese“ (Conservenfabrik Seethal AG, Seon, 1936; belonged since 1926 to Hero, Lenzburg) „Ovo Sport“ (Wander, 1937) "Nescafé" (Max Morgenthaler, 1938) Herbal sweet „Ricola“ (Emil Richterich, 1940) „Nestea“ (Nestle,
1944) „Nesquik“ (Nestle,
1948) 1950-2000 potato chips (Hans Meier, 1950;
produced by company Zweifel 1955) soft drink with milk plasma: „Rivella“ (Robert
Bart and Hans Süsli, 1952) rice Casimir (Ueli
Prager, 1952) universal spice „Fondor“ (Maggi,
1953) Knorr-Aromat
(Walter Obrist at Knorr in Thayngen, 1953) Coffee-capsules: “Nespresso” (Eric
Favre, 1976) Sport drink: "Isostar" (company Wander; as powder 1977; fluid
1984) Pre-cooked doug
for deep-frozen butter croissant (Alfred Hiestand,
1987) "Golden rice" (the
German Ingo Potrykus at the ETH and Peter Beyer, in 2000) Swiss medicine and biology 1500-1599 first Caesarean section (Jacob Nufer in Siegershausen near Kreuzlingen, 1500) “archidoxon”:
medical principles of Paracelsus (1525) First dissected human skeleton
(the Belgian Andreas Vesalius in Basel, 1543) scientific zoology, animal
experiments: “Historia animalium” (Conrad Gessner,
1551-1634) classification of muscles (Kaspar Bauhin, 1590) 1600-1699 Classification of mental diseases
(Felix Platter, 1602) Binary nomenclature for plants (Kaspar Bauhin, 1623) Surgical means (Wilhelm Fabry of
Hilden, around 1630) Definition of stroke (Johann Jakob
Wepfer, 1658) "Nostalgia" (Johannes
Harder, resp. Hofer, 1678) doudenum glands: Brunner’s glands (Johann
Conrad Brunner in Heidelberg, 1687) 1700-1799 Regeneration of an organism: Hydra
(Abraham Trembley, 1744) studying of insects (Charles
Bonnet, 1745) Electromedicine (Jean Jallabert, 1746) First vivisections (Albrecht von
Haller in his Göttingen laboratory, around 1750) Physiology of the muscle and the
nervous system (Albrecht of Haller, 1752) Animal psychology (Charles Bonnet,
1760) Theory of evolution (Charles
Bonnet, 1769) Animal magnetism (the German Franz
Anton Mesmer in Vienna, 1775) Research on photosynthesis (Jean Senebier, 1779/88) 1800-1849 Conjugation in botany
(Jean-Pierre Vaucher, 1803) Qualitative description of photosynthesis (Nicholas-Théodore de Saussure, 1804) Taxonomy (Augustin Pyramus
de Candolle, 1813) Persistence of vision (Peter Mark Roget in London, 1824) Spermatic animalcules (Rudolf
Albert Koelliker, 1841) All cells arise from the ovum
(Rudolf Albert Koelliker, 1844) 1850-1859 Sunbath, mountain hiking (Arnold Rikli, 1855) Designation of the
"dinosaur" (Karl Ludwig Ruetimeyer, 1856) First graduation of a woman in the
German-speaking area (Nadeshda Suslowa
at the Zurich University in medicine, 1867) Antiseptic operation and bandage
(Theodor Kocher, 1867) Theory of parablast
in embryology (Wilhelm His, 1868) DNA Desoxyribonucleic Acid
(Friedrich Miescher, 1869) Controlled parasitism of fungus
and algae (Simon Schwendener, 1869) First fresh skin allograft
(Jacques Louis Reverdin, 1869) Jaccoud’s syndrome (Sigismond
Jaccoud in Paris, ca. 1870) Bandage of cotton wool (Heinrich Theophil Baeschlin, 1871) First practising
women doctor of Europe (Marie Heim-Vögtlin,
1874) Forel’s decussation (August Henri Forel, 1877) Impregnation of an ovum (Hermann Fol, 1879) First organ transplantation:
thyroid gland (Theodor Kocher, 1883) Contact lenses (the German Adolph
Eugen Fick in Wuerzburg, 1887) Pest germ: Yersinia Pestis
(Alexandre Yersin in Hongkong, 1894) gastrectomy (Carl B. Schlatter,
1897) 1900-1949 Sunlight therapy: Heliotherapy
(Oskar Bernhard, 1902) Terms “autecology” and synecology”
(Carl Schroeter, 1902) Terms "Schizophrenia"
and "autistic thinking" (Eugen Bleuler, 1911) Psychobiology (Adolf Meyer in
Chicago, 1913) Redfree light for ophthalmoscopy (Alfred
Vogt, 1913) improved hand prosthesis (Ernst Ferdinand Sauerbruch und Aurel Stodola, 1915/16) Rational fitting of blown contact
glasses (August Siegrist, 1916) surgery of retinal detachment:
"ignipuncture" (Jules Gonin, 1920) Psyciatric sleep cure (Jakob Klaesi, 1920) Anthroposophical Medicine (Rudolf
Steiner in Dornach, 1920) Cellular therapy (Paul Niehans, 1931) 1950-2000 "Hill monkey": Oreopithecus bamboli (Johannes Huerzeler, 1958) Founding of the “Working group for
bone fusion issues” (AO, 1958) first total hip prosthesis
(Maurice Edmond Mueller, 1960) Founding of modern gene
technology: Restriction enzymes (Werner Arber, 1960/61, later the Americans
Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith) Heart transplant (the Swedish Åke Senning with Marko Turina in Zurich, 1969) Thanatologie (Elisabeth Kuebler-Ross
in Chicago, 1969) Suction assisted Lipectomy (Ulrich
K. Kesselring, 1976) ballon catheter (the German Andreas Gruentzig at the Kantonsspital
Zurich, 1974; first angioplaty 1977) Insulin pump: MRS (Willy and Peter
Michel, 1984) Gene, that codes for the Prion
protein (Charles Weissmann and the American Stanley
B. Prusiner, 1985) First Memory Clinic of Europe
(Basel, 1986) Regeneration ability of the
central nervous system (Martin Schwab, 1988) First brain surgery with robot
(Lausanne University hospital, 1992) implantable drug infusion system
(Medtronic, Tolchenaz, 2000) Swiss medicaments and
pharmaceutical detections Well known pharmaceutical
detections and medicines from Switzerland are: 1500-1894 Opium tincture:
"Laudanum" (Paracelsus, 1520) "Archaeus",
chemotherapy (Paracelsus, around 1530) experimental toxicology and
pharmacology (Johann Jakob Wepfer, 1679) Psychotropic effects of Opium
(Albrecht von Haller, 1776-77) Cough-tablets (Emanuel Wybert for the Golden Pharmacy, Basel, GABA, 1846) „Zeller“ balm
(Max Zeller, 1863) 1895-2000 Healing ointment: „Dr. Brand-Salbe“ (Josef
Brand in Wiedikon, ca. 1910) „Clinical-therapeutical Institute“ (Ita Wegman, 1921;
since 1924 „Weleda“-Products) Antihistamine (Daniel Bovet and
Anne-Marie Staub, 1937) Toothpaste with vitamine A: “Aronal (GABA,
1944) Ritalin: psychostimulant
Methylphenidate (the Italian Leandro Panizzon for
Ciba, 1944) Nutritional tonic: “Bio-Strath”
(the German Walter Strathmeyer, 1948) First Tranquilizer (the English
Robert Robertson, 1952; company Ciba 1953) “Echinaforce”
(Alfred Vogel, 1955) Interferon (Jean Lindenmann and the British Alick
Isaacs, 1957) Standardized ginseng: G115 (Pharmaton, 1960) First toothpaste with amine
fluoride: “Elmex” (GABA, 1962) Cancer remedy „Iscador“ (Weleda, 1964) Hormone IGF-1: „Züri Hormon“ (Ernst Rudolf Froesch, 1978) Hey Fever Relief: “Similasan” (Armin Späni et al.,
1982) A selection of commercial
medicaments: see: http://www.roche.com/DE/home/company/com_hist/com_hist_1896.htm http://www.novartis.ch/about-novartis/company-history/geigy.shtml Antipyrine (Sandoz, 1895), cough syrup "Sirolin" (Roche, 1898), saccharin (Sandoz, 1899), "Vioform"
(Ciba, 1900), "Salen" (Ciba, 1900), „Digalen“ (Roche, 1904), „Pantopon“
(Roche, 1909), Somnifen (La Roche, before
1920), "Allonal"
(Roche, 1921), "Gynergen" (= ergotamine;
1918 detected by Arthur Stoll; Sandoz, 1921), Coramin
(Ciba, 1924), Calcium Sandoz (1929), "Saridon"
(Roche, 1933) and "Redoxon" (= vitamin C;
chemical synthesis of ascorbic acid 1933 detected by Tadeus
Reichstein; Roche, 1934), Merfen“ (Zyma, 1940), „Irgapyrin“
(synthesized by Hans Stenzl, since 1939 with
Geigy), "Medomin" (Geigy, 1944), "Bepanthen" (Roche, 1944), cortisone (detected by Tadeus Reichstein, cocurrently
with Edward Calvin Kendall; produced by Ciba, approx. 1946), "Delysid" (= LSD; 1938 detected by Albert Hofmann;
produced since 1947 by Sandoz), "Butazolidin" (Phenylbutazone 1946
synthesized by Hans Stenzl; Geigy, 1949), "Rimifon"
(Roche, 1952), „Marcoumar“ (Roche, 1953), "Serpasil"
(= reserpine; 1952 isolated from the root of Rauwolfia serpentina, snakeroot, by Emil Schlittler
and Hans Schwarz;
produced by Ciba since 1953), „Simazin“ (Geigy,
1957), „Marsilid“ (iproniazid; Roche, 1957),
"Tofranil" (= imipramine, 1956 detected by Roland Kuhn; Geigy,
1958), "Melleril" (Sandoz, 1958), “Hygroton” (Geigy”, 1959), “Marplan” (isocarboxazid, Roche, 1959), "Librium" (1957 Leo Sternbach came across the benzodiazepines; Roche,
1960) and "Valium" (Leo Sternbach, Roche,
1963), „Desferal“ (Ciba, 1963), „Mogadon“ (Roche, 1965), Etoposid (Sandoz, 1966; since 1983 under the label „Vepesid“), „Bactrim“ (Roche, 1969), Cyclosporin A (Sandoz, 1972; since
1982 under the label „Sandimmun“), „Voltaren“ (Ciba-Geigy,
1973), „Madopar“ (Leovdopa;
Roche, 1973), „Lexotanil“ (Roche, 1974), „Rohypnol“
(Roche, 1975), „Zaditen“ (Sandoz, 1977), first transdermal therapeutic
system (TTS) with the active substance Scopolamin
("Scopoderm", Ciba-Geigy and Alza Corp., 1981), „Dormicum“ (Roche, 1982), „Roferon-A“
(Sidney Pestka; Roche, 1985), "Xenical" (Roche, 1999),
„Tamiflu“ (Roche, 1999). Swiss chemistry and chemicals 1778-1894 Production of sulphuric
acid, later also hydrochloric acid, soda, chlorine chalk, nitric acid and
cupric sulphate (Johann Sebastian Clais, Johann
Heinrich Ziegler in Winterthur-Neuwiesen, 1778) Production of candles and soaps
(Friedrich Steinfels, 1832) Fuel cell (the German Christian
Friedrich Schoenbein in Basel, 1838) Ozone (Christian Friedrich Schoenbein, 1839) Gun-cotton (Christian Friedrich Schoenbein, 1846; Rudolf Christian Boettger,
1846) Rayon (Georges Audemars,
1855) Production of synthetic fuchsine
(in Basel: Johann Rudolf Geigy-Merian, Johann Jakob
Müller-Pack, 1859; likewise Alexander Clavel, 1859) Valency of carbon (Johann Ulrich Nef, 1862) Fluid oxygen (Raoul-Pierre Pictet and simultaneously the Frenchman Louis-Paul Caillet, 1877) Production of alizarine blue and
auramine (in Basel: Alfred Kern, Edouard Sandoz, 1886) Coordination chemistry (Alfred
Werner from Alsace, 1893) 1895-2000 Cellophane (Jacques Edwin Brandenberger, shortly after 1900; 1908) Gross production of nitric acid (Ignacy Moscicki, 1903) Industrial production of
artificial fertilizer (Company Lonza, 1915) Heat detonators: coruscatives (Fritz Zwicky, 1957) Insect spray: „Anti-Brumm“ (Eduard
Vogt, 1972) Lab-on-a-chip (Andreas Manz, 1993) Vine spray “Kukaka”
(Rudolf Maag, 1895), the insecticides „Gesarol" and "Neocide"
(both = DDT; insecticidal powers 1939 detected by Paul Hermann Müller; Geigy,
1942), the pesticide „Copper-Sandoz“ (Sandoz, 1943),
the herbicides „Simazin“ and „Atrazin“
(Geigy, 1956), „Dual“ (Ciba-Geigy, 1975), the fungicide „Ridomil“
(Ciba-Geigy, 1978). The adhesives “Cementit”
(Walter Merz and Albert Benteli in the 1930s) and
epoxy resin “Araldit” (1936 detected by Pierre Castan; produced by CIBA since 1946). „Plüss-Stauffer“ window putty (Gottfried Stauffer, Emma Plüss, 1884), descaler „Durgol“ (Maria Düring-Keller,
1951) and “Toilet Duck” (Walter Düring, 1980). Bibliography
Eduard Fueter: Grosse Schweizer Forscher. Zürich: Atlantis-Verlag 1939, 2. erweiterte Aufl. 1941 (more than 120 personalities; no woman) Schweizer Pioniere der Wirtschaft und Technik, Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Wirtschaftshistorische Studien, Meilen, 1955ff, till today 95 volumes Patrick Robertson: The Shell Book
of Firsts. London: Ebury Press 1974, enlarged 1983; new edition 1998; Alexander Hellemans,
Bryan H. Bunch: The Timetables of Science. 1988; Lorenz Häfliger, Charles Inwyler, Adolf Jacob, Wigand Kerle, Albert Kloss, Norbert Lang, Hans Rudolf Ris, Hans G. Wägli, Rudolf Weber: Beiträge der Schweiz zur Technik. Herausgegeben von der Stiftung Eisenbibliothek, Schaffhausen der Georg Fischer AG, Schaffhausen, und der SIG Schweizerische Industrie-Gesellschaft Holding AG, Neuhausen am Rheinfall. Oberbözberg: Olynthus, Verlag für verständliche Wissenschaft und Technik 1991 (extraordinary comprehensive). Steven Anzovin,
Janet Podell: Famous First Facts. International
Edition. New York: Wilson 2000 (some funny claims). Anne Schmidt, Peter Jezler, Elke Jezler-Hüber, Gabriele Keck (Hrsg.): Berner Pioniergeist. Bern: Historisches Museum Bern 2007. Paul Schneeberger: Helvetische Errungenschaften. Zürich: NZZ LIbro 2008 (a little selection, mostly of the 20th century). Klaus Leuschel (Hrsg.): swissness. Die 50 Besten der Designgeschichte. Schweizer Design weltweit. Sulgen: Niggli 2009. Georg Kreis: Schweizer Erinnerungsorte. Aus dem Speicher der Swissness. Zürich: NZZ Libro 2010.
http://www.invention.ch/inventeurs/index.php http://www.idees-suisse.ch/inventions.htm extensive list 1800-2003 http://inventors.about.com/sitesearch.htm?terms=swiss&SUName=inventors Some Swiss Inventors http://www.whonamedit.com/biocountry.cfm/1037.html 75 Swiss physicians, whose names
mark some discoveries
Webmaster by best4web.ch |
