Form:

History of concept

Use of words

Content:

History of objects

Design, construction, function, use

Direct lineage

400 - 1 BC

Gr. Metron; Lat. modus

Gr. typos; Lat. forma

Gr. paradeigma; Lat. exemplar

Gr. idea, eidos, eidolon, eikon; Lat. imago, effigies; species, simulacrum

Gr. keroplasteo, proplasso; Lat: proplasma, cera

55 BC Cicero: modulor

40 BC Horace, Varro: modulus

23 BC Vitruvius: modulatio

1000 Ger. Model, Modul

        Frz. modle, mole, moule

        Engl. mould

        It. mòdano (16th c.)

pre 1342 It. modulazione

1365 Fr. modulation

1398 Engl. modulation

1571 Ger. Modulation

1327 Engl. moulding

1415 Fr. mollage

1680 Fr. moulage

ca. 1850 Germ. Moulage

1886 Engl. moulage

13th c. It. mòdulo

1547 Fr. module

1586 Engl. module

1355 It. modello

1542 Fr. modelle, modèle

1548 Ger. Modell, Model

1575 Engl. modell, model

1563/1738 Engl. modulus

Other words

species

imaginatio

rivals:

representation

analogy

metaphor

theory

system

thesis

hypothesis

philosophy

metaphysics

treatise

principles

Bilder

Muster

Gods (Exodus 25,9; Platon, Tim. 28ff, 74C; Legg. 716C; Rep. 497C)

Animals (research on/ with:

since 1744: intelligence

                      vivisection

since 1876: mental processes;

since 1960: cognitive ethology)

Men:

10 Mio. BC consciousness

5 Mio. BC mental model: causality

1, 5 Mio. BC spatial competence

500 000 BC cannibalism

300 000 BC round world

200 000 BC graphic  notation

30 000 BC sketches, wall paintings, sculptures, ritual

6000 BC shrines, ships, toys

1 Japan: printed textiles

400 christmas cribs

900 model books, pattern books

1100 wax models

1230 architecture drawings

1270 humans as models

1300 fashion dolls

1600 Stevin, Drebbel, Gilbert, Galilei: model experiments

1655 Petty: political arithmetics

1832ff visualization in chemisty

1840 mass products

1870 physical apparatus

1920 robots

1961 Bandura: model learning

Objects, artifacts, etc.

concepts

Descriptions of objects

Hypotheses on objects

constructs

laws

Phenomena

Behaviors

Facts

Systems

Structures

Categories

Processes

Relations

Signs

Symbols

­  critical description

¯ design, construction, function, use

explained

Appeal:

History or consciousness

Context:

History of (partial) theories

540 BC Xenophanes

370 BC Platon

1092 nominalism vs. realism

1120ff Theophilus Presbyter, Hugo of St. Victor, Abälard

1620 Bacon: idols (false ideas)

1830-42 Comte

1840 Wheewell

1852-55 Moleschott, Vogt, Büchner

1873-1911 Vaihinger: Als-ob

1893/1906 Duhem

1902-08 Poincaré

1920 Campbell

1942 history of concept

1953 Deutsch: functions

1969 Klaus: functions

1966 Wartofsky: model muddle

1980 pictorial/ iconic turn

1988 model-based reasoning

1990s crisis of representation

1993: models as mediators

Lexica; dictionaries: definitions & types

1611 Cotgarve: definition

1717 Hübner: definition

1734 Wolff

1765 Encyclopédie

1781 Cyclopedia

1783 Jacobsson

1803 Krünitz

1827-29 Krug

1892/1902 Boltzmann

1945 Rosenblueth/ Wiener: material & formal

1949 Deutsch: mechanical & organismic

400 BC Platon: Politeia, Timaios, Rep. 500

1228 Grosseteste

1460 Alberti: model theory

1464 Averlino architecture theory

1612 Sturtevant:  Heuretica

1687 Newton: similarity

1746 Bouguer: scale effect

1829ff Cauchy, Bertrand, Froude, Helmholtz, Reynolds: similarity

1852 Lotze: theory of symbols

1855 Bain: association

1858/80 Wundt: creative synthesis

1867/70 Royer, Tyndall: imagination

1871 Dedekind: module

1883 Mach: Tatsachen nachbilden

1894 Hertz: Scheinbilder

1901ff Wuerzburger school/ Spearman: thinking & problem solving

1915 Rayleigh: dimensional analysis

1927-48 Tolman: cognitive map

1932 Bartlett: scheme

1935ff Tarski

1946 Heidbreder: concept learning

1963 Robinson: Model theory (math.)

1972 Thom: Théorie générale des modèles

1973 Stachowiak General Model Theory

1977: Blythe: Module theory

Parallel theories

1077 Anselm: semiotics

1140 Abaelard: conceptualism

1300 Duns Scotus: conception theory

1330 Ockham: conceptualism

1450 Cusanus: picture theory

1602 Campanella: visual instruction

1633 Comenius: visual instruction

1660 Hooke: elasticity module

1677 Leibniz: isomorphy

1792/94 Schulze, Fichte: epistemology

1807 Young’s modulus

1816 Herbart: dynamics of imagination

1819 Mitscherlich: isomorphy

1841 Lotze: mechanistic vs. teleological explanation

1842 Mayer: aequivalence

1843 Owen: analogy & homology

1868ff Peirce: sign theory

1870ff Jordan, Lie, Klein: isomorphy, similarity

1874 Brentano: intentionality

1894 Windelband: idiograpic and nomothetic

1894/1900 Dilthey: explaining and understanding

1926 structuralism; linguistics

1928 Reichebach: context of discovery and of justification

1940 von Mises: praxeology