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Table
25: Major Human Behavioral,
Anatomical, and Physiological Changes Since the Human/Ape Divergence*
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VISIBLE IN
FOSSIL/
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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TRAIT
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RECORD
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INFERRED
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Anatomical/physiological traits
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Postcranial
modification for bipedalism
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X
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Modification of hands
for effective tool use and manufacture
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X
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Reorganization and
enlargement of brain
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X
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Reduction of face and
jaws; remodeling of cranium, face, and
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Jaws
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X
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Reduction of body hair
and changes in glands of the skin
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X
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Modified estrous
(ovulation) cycle
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X
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Modification of vocal
tract for speech
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?
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X
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Changes relating to
birth processes, i.e., lengthening of gestation,
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delayed maturation
(seen in fossil record)
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X
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X
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Behavioral/social
changes
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Development and
consistent use of tools
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X
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Inclusion of meat
protein in diet; hunting behavior
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X
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Temporarily defined
home base
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X
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Food-sharing and
sexual division of labor
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?
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X
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Controls on emotional
displays
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X
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Larger social
groups
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X
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Permanent dwelling
structures
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X
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In much later periods
we have evidence of art, symbolism,
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and
spiritualism
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X
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Extension of social
bonding mechanisms
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?
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X
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